干旱处理对不同玉米品种叶片光合速率和抗氧化特性及产量的影响

玉米是对干旱比较敏感的粮食作物,不同品种应对干旱胁迫的能力存在差异。以6个普通玉米品种为材料,在北京市郊区大田条件下,采用裂区设计,以灌溉处理为对照,分析干旱处理对不同玉米品种叶片光合速率（P_n）和抗氧化特性及产量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,干旱处理下不同品种玉米P_n降低幅度为京农科728（15.63%）相似文献   

Crude garlic extract significantly inhibits replication of grapevine viruses

Efforts to control viral diseases of grapevine include the production of certified material and development of virus-resistant transgenic grapevines. However, effective antiviral agents, once the viruses have infected the plants, are still lacking. This study shows that a crude garlic extract has significant antiviral activity against grapevine viruses. Replication of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) was obviously inhibited in grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon calli treated with diluted (1:100) garlic extract. The relative RNA levels of GLRaV-2 and grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) in cv. Summer Black grapevine in in vitro-grown plantlets 10 days after treatment with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 22% and 20%, respectively, of that in controls. The viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-2, GFkV, grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) in field-grown grapevine cv. Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 31–40%, 26–38%, 18–31%, 17–42% and 15–18%, respectively, of that in controls. Moreover, the garlic extract treatment led to a significant decrease in viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-3, GLRaV-2, GVA, GFkV, GFLV, GRSPaV and grapevine Pinot Gris virus in pot-grown grapevine cv. Shine Muscat plants, and viral disease symptoms in these plants were obviously attenuated. In addition, this extract significantly induced expression of pathogenesis-related protein genes and stimulated activity of antioxidant enzymes in grapevines. Taken together, these results indicate that the crude garlic extract acts as a significant inhibitor against a broad range of grapevine viruses.     

越夏茬春大棚网纹甜瓜品种比较试验

为筛选出适宜在北京种植的越夏茬春大棚优质网纹甜瓜品种,选取6个品种的网纹甜瓜为试验材料,记录其田间长势及果实品质的相关数据并进行比较分析。结果表明:6个参试品种田间长势及果实品质均有显著差异,其中柏格的心糖、边糖最高,分别为15.57%、11.27%,果肉较厚,达到3.73 cm,果实品质最优秀。综合看来,柏格可进一步在北京地区越夏茬春大棚进一步推广栽培。     

北京地区甜玉米采后品质的影响因素调查与分析

以北京地区9家甜玉米生产销售企业为调查对象,分析影响甜玉米采后品质的相关因素,探究延长甜玉米货架期的采后保鲜措施。结果表明:北京地区影响甜玉米采后品质的因素主要有品种、采收温度、预冷温度及方法、产品分级、包装材料、运输方式、贮藏温度等;根据销售要求选择适宜的品种,气温较低时进行采收,采用碎冰预冷的方式快速降温,长期坚持采取分级措施,选用适宜的包装材料、运输方式、贮藏温度等可以延长甜玉米的货架期。     

新型缓控释增效肥研究进展和发展前景

传统肥料面临着利用率低、产能过剩等问题,新型缓控释肥通过新型包膜材料或者纳米技术,实现养分释放速度的可控性;通过添加信号物质,实现植物和化肥的互动,将植物养分需求规律作为主导因素,实现肥料的按需供给,达到减少化肥用量,提高肥料利用效率的目的。从定义、研发背景、分类及发展趋势等方面介绍了新型缓控释肥的研究进展,并对其未来发展进行了展望。     

PBAT生物降解地膜与加厚型塑料地膜降解性能及对番茄生长的影响

为筛选出易降解或易回收,对环境污染小,适宜在番茄生产中应用的地膜,研究了PBAT生物降解地膜与0.012 mm加厚型塑料地膜的差异性,以0.010 mm普通塑料地膜作为对照,对比了各种地膜的降解周期,以及对番茄生长和产量的影响。试验结果表明:在影响植株长势方面,3种地膜对番茄植株株高、茎粗、叶片数的影响差异不显著;在影响作物产量方面,覆盖0.012 mm地膜的番茄产量最高,其次是PBAT生物降解地膜,覆盖0.010 mm塑料地膜番茄产量最低;在地膜降解性能方面,PBAT生物降解地膜降解性能较强,0.012 mm加厚型塑料地膜韧性强,不易破碎,有利于后期回收利用,0.010 mm塑料地膜韧性差,不利于回收;建议生产中根据实际气候、土壤、作物等条件选择适宜的PBAT生物降解地膜或加厚型塑料地膜。     

不同追肥次数和用量对番茄产量及品质的影响

为推行减量施肥,提高肥料利用率,研究了不同施肥措施对连续种植的番茄产量及品质的影响。结果表明:优化施肥处理在保证不减产的情况下,节肥效果显著,与传统施肥处理(T1)相比,优化施肥各处理(T2—T5)每667 m~2施用化肥纯养分总量分别减少44.8、44.8、65.6、3.2 kg,节肥47.0%、47.0%、68.8%、3.4%,T4处理节肥效果最佳;在高肥力地力水平下,追肥用量减半完全可以保证作物所需养分,其中T3产量最高,表明在优化施肥的基础上增加追肥次数,少量多次追肥更利于作物生长;T3提高了番茄维生素C含量,降低了番茄的硝酸盐含量。综上,化肥减量对连续种植的番茄产量没有明显影响,但显著提高了番茄的品质,以T3即化肥底施减量50%配施40%有机肥且适当增加追肥次数处理的效果最好。     

基于粒子群算法优化BP神经网络的土壤含水量短期预测模型

为提高土壤含水量预测精度,基于物联网监测数据,提出了粒子群算法(PSO)优化BP神经网络的土壤含水量预测方法。首先应用主成分分析法筛选出影响土壤含水量的关键影响因子,然后构建8-5-1的BP神经网络拓扑结构,应用粒子群算法优化BP神经网络的初始权值和阈值。结果表明:与传统BP神经网络相比,新模型优化了网络结构,避免了陷入局部最优解,具有良好的预测效果;模型的评价指标平均绝对误差、平均绝对百分误差、误差均方根分别为0.259 2、0.010 5和0.135 6,与单一BP神经网络相比,预测精度更高,可满足实际的土壤含水量预测的需要。     

Effect of Key Priority Forestry Programs on off-farm employment: Evidence from Chinese rural households

This paper examines how 3 Key Priority Forestry Programs (the KPFPs) influenced rural off-farm employment time using a long-term panel dataset that spans 18 years (1995–2012) and includes 6 provinces in China. The programs included the most significant forest policies, including the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP), Desertification Combating Program around Beijing and Tianjin (DCBT), and Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP). A labor supply model with both fixed and cluster effects were used to identify the programs' disparate impacts in the different regions and on various policy stages. We found the following results: (i) the overall effect of the SLCP was pronounced in relation to the off-farm participation time, but it weakened gradually after the first policy stage; (ii) the DCBT had less impact than the SLCP in increasing the work time of farmers who already had off-farm jobs, but it was better than the SLCP during the various subsidy policy stages; (iii) the NFPP's total effect was insignificant; (iv) forestry subsidies tended to be decoupled for farmers in China, since the substitution effect was greater than the income effect and increased the supply of non-agricultural labor hours. The researches and policy implications of our work are also discussed here.     

热风干燥温度对脱水白萝卜品质的影响

以"长春大根"白萝卜品种为试材,采用50、60、70、80、90、100℃的热风干燥处理1 cm×1 cm×10 cm的白萝卜条,研究热风干燥温度对脱水白萝卜品质的影响。结果表明,干燥温度为70℃时,脱水速率较快,脱水白萝卜色泽较白,感官品质、食用品质和复水性均较好,VC保留率较高。其次,干燥温度60℃时,脱水速率较慢,形态轻微变形、皱缩,食用品质略差。干燥温度低至50℃时,VC的保留率有所提高,但干燥时间延长,感官及食用品质均有所下降。干燥温度超过80℃后,干燥时间未显著缩短,脱水白萝卜褐变加重,感官品质、食用品质和复水性均变差,VC损失增加。